Providing linear relationship between temperature and digital code

ABSTRACT

Mechanisms for providing linear relationship between temperatures and digital codes are disclosed. In one method, at a particular temperature, a circuit in the sensor provides a temperature dependent reference voltage, and a compared voltage, to a comparator. The temperature dependent reference voltage depends on temperature in complement to absolute temperature or alternatively depends on temperature in proportion to absolute temperature. The compared voltage is generated corresponding to digital analog converter (DAC) codes as inputs. Another circuit varies the DAC codes until the temperature dependent reference voltage and the compared voltage are equal so that the dependent reference voltage corresponds to a DAC code. The various temperatures experienced by the temperature sensing circuit and the DAC codes are substantially linearly related.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/171,684, filed on Apr. 22, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the disclosure are related to generating linear relationship between temperatures and digital codes. Various embodiments are used in temperature sensors.

BACKGROUND

A temperature sensor can be used to monitor temperature of an electronic component such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), MPU (Micro Processing Unit), SOC (System On Chip), etc. When the temperature exceeds predetermined thresholds, the sensor may alert a circuitry to slow down or even shut down the unit to reduce power consumption and thus reduce the temperature so that overheating that can cause destructive failure to the unit may be prevented.

Typically, temperature sensors include a reference circuitry and a temperature measuring circuitry wherein the temperature dependency is either proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT), that is, the measuring circuit outputs a voltage that increases in proportion to a temperature rise or has a positive temperature coefficient, or complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT), that is, the measuring circuit outputs a voltage that drops in proportion to a temperature rise or has a negative temperature coefficient. Further, DAC (digital to analog converter) based temperature sensors relying on comparing a PTAT voltage and a CTAT base-emitter voltage may be used. This approach, however, suffers from DAC code-to-temperature non-linearity issues, i.e., it cannot achieve good linearity over a wide temperature range, resulting in poor temperature measurement accuracy.

In some approaches involving a CTAT voltage, the compared voltage varies with high temperature coefficient over the design temperature range. When the compared voltage is PTAT, the implementation scheme introduces an intrinsic DAC code-to-temperature nonlinearity, and, as a result, suffers from poor temperature measurement accuracy unless an extensive temperature calibration (e.g., many-point calibration) is performed. Other approaches trying to cause the compared (or reference) voltage family curves to be parallel, and thus better DAC code-to-temperature linearity, are far from successful because the curves, in reality, are not parallel. These approaches therefore also suffer from poor temperature measurement accuracy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

FIG. 1 shows a circuit 100 related to a CTAT-type implementation in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a graph 200 illustrating the relationship between temperature and various voltages in accordance with the CTAT-type embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows a graph 300 illustrating the relationship between the DAC code and temperature in accordance with the CTAT-type embodiments.

FIG. 4 shows a circuit 400 used to create V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) in accordance with a first embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a circuit 500 used to create V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) in accordance with a second embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a circuit 600 related to a PTAT-type implementation in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows a graph 700 illustrating the relationship between temperature and various voltages in accordance with the PTAT-type embodiments.

FIG. 8 shows a graph 800 illustrating the relationship between the DAC code and temperature in accordance with the PTAT-type embodiments.

FIG. 9 shows a circuit 900 used to generate V_(PTAT) in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 10 shows an exemplary circuit 1000 illustrating an implementation of DAC transistors M4.

FIG. 11 shows a table 1100 illustrating correspondence between values that can be used as digital codes and the number of transistors M₄ in circuit 1000 being turned on or off.

FIG. 12 shows a table 1200 illustrating the relationship between values that can be used as digital codes and signals CT in FIG. 10.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments of the disclosure relate to providing linear relationship between temperatures and digital codes. Various embodiments are used in temperature sensors. In some embodiments, at a particular temperature (e.g., operational temperature of a semiconductor device), a circuit (e.g., temperature sensing circuit) in the sensor provides a temperature dependent reference voltage, e.g., V_(CTAT) and a compared voltage, e.g., V_(CMP), to a comparator. V_(CTAT) depends on temperature as complement to absolute temperature. The compared voltage V_(CMP) is generated having DAC codes as inputs. If V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) are equal (e.g., substantially equal), then the comparator output so indicates, e.g., by providing a true logic. If V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) are not equal, then the comparator output is provided to another circuit (e.g., an adjusting circuit) that varies the DAC codes until V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) are equal. In effect, at a particular point in time, the temperature experienced by the temperature sensing circuit corresponds to a DAC code when V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) are equal. In various embodiments, the various temperatures experienced by the temperature sensing circuit and the DAC codes are substantially linearly related. Other embodiments and embodiments related to a voltage that depends on temperature as proportional to absolute temperature (e.g., V_(PTAT)) are also disclosed.

Embodiments of the disclosure can have one or a combination of the following features and/or advantages. Embodiments of the temperature sensing circuit can be integrated in semiconductor circuitry manufactured by advanced CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) processes. The linear relationship between the temperatures and the DAC codes increases accuracy of the temperature sensing circuitry and allows simple temperature calibration that, in turn, enables accurate temperature sensing.

Embodiments, or examples, illustrated in the drawings are now described using specific language. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and modifications in the described embodiments, and any further applications of principles described in this document are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the disclosure relates. Reference numbers may be repeated throughout the embodiments, but this does not necessarily require that features of one embodiment apply to another embodiment, even if they share the same reference number.

Voltage Dependent on Temperature as Complementary to Absolute Temperature (V_(CTAT))

FIG. 1 shows a comparator 100 in accordance with an embodiment related to a CTAT-type implementation. Reference voltage V_(CTAT) on line 110 and compared voltage V_(CMP) on line 120 are generated by a circuit (e.g., temperature sensing circuit) that will be described below. Comparator 100 compares voltages V_(CMP) and V_(CTAT), and provides resulting signal C_(OUT) on line 130. In various embodiments, V_(CMP) is a voltage that varies with a very small or insignificant temperature coefficient over a wide temperature range. Further, various V_(CMP) values are generated with DAC (digital-to-analog converter) codes as inputs. V_(CTAT) is a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) reference voltage and is generated by the temperature sensing circuit at a corresponding temperature. For example, in an application, the temperature sensing circuit is embedded as part of a sensor in a semiconductor device, e.g., a CPU. At operation, the CPU experiences a particular temperature (e.g., operational temperature) that is also experienced by the temperature sensing circuit, and V_(CTAT) is generated having this temperature as an input. In some embodiments, V_(CMP) is initially lower than V_(CTAT), and C_(OUT) is false (e.g., having a low logic). V_(CMP) is then increased until V_(CMP) is slightly higher than (e.g., substantially equal to) V_(CTAT) then C_(OUT) is true (e.g., having a high logic). When V_(CMP) is lower than V_(CTAT), signal C_(OUT) is provided to another circuit (e.g., an adjusting circuit (not shown)) that changes the DAC codes which in turn change V_(CMP) until V_(CMP) is slightly higher than (e.g., substantially equal to) V_(CTAT). In effect, when V_(CMP) is equal to V_(CTAT), the temperature experienced by the CPU and the temperature sensing circuit, e.g., temperature T₀, is also the temperature at which the temperature sensing circuit provides V_(CTAT). Further, this temperature T₀ corresponds to a DAC code, e.g., DAC code C₀. In various embodiments, the temperatures at which the temperature sensing circuit provides V_(CTAT) and the DAC codes are substantially linearly related. Those skilled in the art will recognize that when the temperatures and the DAC codes are linearly related, the graph representing their relationship on a two dimensional axis is a straight line.

V_(CTAT) V_(CMP) and Corresponding Temperatures

FIG. 2 shows a chart 200 illustrating the relationship between V_(CTAT), V_(CMP), and temperatures T, in accordance with an embodiment. Each line L_(VCMP) (including L_(VCMP0), L_(VCMP1), L_(VCMPN), etc.) shows the relationship between a voltage V_(CMP) and temperature T at a particular DAC code serving as an input for V_(CMP) to be generated. Each line L_(VCMP) can be generated by obtaining various values of V_(CMP) at various temperatures (e.g., operational temperatures of a CPU at different time points). In various embodiments, a line L_(VCMP) is substantially independent of temperature. Varying the DAC codes from the least significant bit (LSB) to the most significant bit (MSB) provides lines L_(VCMP). For example, if the DAC receives a 2-bit input, e.g., Input (0:1), varying bits 0 to 1 provides 4 DAC codes that correspond to 4 lines L_(VCMP). If the DAC receives a 3-bit input, e.g., Input (0:2), varying bits 0 to 2 provides 8 DAC codes that correspond to 8 lines L_(VCMP), etc. Further, line L_(VCMP0) corresponds to a code C₀, and shows the relationship between voltage V_(CMP) and temperature T at code C₀. Line L_(VCMP1) corresponds to code C₁, and shows the relationship between voltage V_(CMP) and temperature T at code C₁. Line L_(VCMPN) corresponds to code N, and shows the relationship between voltage V_(CMP) and temperature T at code C_(N), etc. In accordance with some embodiments, due to the nature of very small or insignificant temperature coefficient for V_(CMP), lines L_(VCMP) are very close to parallel (e.g., substantially parallel) to one another in addition to being substantially straight although not necessarily parallel to the x-axis. Based on the parallelism of lines L_(VCMP) and their being straight lines, embodiments provide linearity between the temperatures T and the DAC codes.

Line L_(VCTAT) shows the relationship between V_(CTAT) and temperature T. Those skilled in the art will recognize that line L_(VCTAT) has a negative slope and indicates that V_(CTAT) has a negative temperature coefficient. The intersection between line L_(VCTAT) and a line L_(VCMP) indicates that V_(CTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a particular temperature T that corresponds to a particular DAC code C. For example, point V_(CTATT0) indicates V_(CTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a temperature T₀ that corresponds to a DAC code C₀. Similarly, point V_(CTATT1) indicates V_(CTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a temperature T₁ that corresponds to DAC code C₁, and V_(CTATTN) indicates V_(CTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a temperature T_(N) that corresponds to a DAC code C_(N), etc. In various embodiments, each point V_(CTATT) corresponds to the result in comparator 100 where V_(CMP) and V_(CTAT) are equal, e.g., when signal C_(OUT) is true, at a particular temperature T experienced by the temperature sensing circuit.

Temperatures and DAC Codes CTAT-Type

FIG. 3 shows a graph 300 with a line 310 indicating the relationship between temperatures T and DAC codes C related to V_(CTAT). For example, T₀ corresponds to code C₀, T₁ corresponds to code C₁, T_(N) corresponds to code C_(N), etc.

Embodiments provide the linearity between temperatures T and DAC codes C as much as possible, which is advantageous over prior art approaches that do not provide such linearity. This linearity results from the fact that lines L_(VCMP) in FIG. 2 are substantially straight and substantially parallel to one another but do not need to be parallel to the x-axis. In a 100% linearity situation, lines L_(VCMP) are 100% straight and thus 100% parallel to one another, which results in a line 310 being 100% straight. In other approaches lines L_(VCMP) are curved and/or not parallel to one another, which also causes line 310 to be curved. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the less curved the line 310 is, the more linear the relationship between the temperatures T and the DAC codes is. Embodiments of the disclosure are advantageous, especially in high volume manufacturing environment because graph 300, once established, provides the linear relationship between the DAC codes C and temperatures T on line 310. As a result, corresponding temperatures T and DAC codes C can be easily identified. For example, given a DAC code C on the horizontal axis, a corresponding temperature T on the vertical axis can be identified using line 310. Similarly, given a temperature T on the vertical axis, a corresponding DAC code on the horizontal axis can be identified using line 310.

In an application, line 310 can be easily and economically established in a simple calibration process near room temperature based on the linear relationship between temperatures T and DAC codes C. For example, a temperature sensor embodying a circuit 400 or 500 (e.g., the temperature sensing circuit) is subject to a first known temperature, e.g., temperature T₁. Corresponding to temperature T₁, a DAC code, e.g., code C₁, is identified. The temperature sensing circuit is then subject to a second known temperature, e.g., temperature T₂. Corresponding to temperature T₂, a DAC code, e.g., code C₂ is identified. Based on the linear relationship between temperatures T and DAC codes C, temperatures T₁ and T₂, and DAC codes C₁ and C₂, line 310 can be readily established by various techniques known in the art, and embodiments of the disclosure are not limited to a particular technique. In a further application, for example, line 310, once established, is analyzed to program a control circuit that can regulate temperatures T in a semiconductor chip using embodiments of the disclosure. For example, if a DAC code, e.g., code C75, would be identified at a particular operational moment of the chip, then this code C75 corresponds to a temperature, e.g., temperature T75 at 75° C. Because this temperature T75 at 75° C. indicates, for example, that the chip is running at 400 MHz and thus generates too much heat, the control circuit is programmed for the chip to run at a slower rate, e.g., 300 MHz to reduce the generated heat. Similarly, if a DAC code, e.g., code C100, is identified, then this code corresponds to a temperature, e.g., temperature T100 at 100° C. Because this temperature T100 at 100° C. can, for example, damage the chip, the control circuit is programmed to shut down the chip when it recognizes code C100. The above examples are used to illustrate applications of the disclosure, and the disclosure is not limited to any particular example.

Circuit Providing V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) 1^(ST) Embodiment

FIG. 4 shows a circuit 400 providing V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP), in accordance with a first embodiment. For illustration purposes, FIG. 4 also includes comparator 100. V_(CMP), going through circuit 400 having a negative temperature coefficient circuit component canceling the temperature effect with a positive temperature coefficient circuit component results in a low or insignificant temperature coefficient.

Transistors M₁, M₂ and amplifier A₁ constitute a current mirror wherein amplifier A₁ equalizes current I_(M1) and I_(M2) and voltages at NODE₁ and NODE₂. Because I_(M1) equals to I_(M2), I_(M), for illustration purposes, is used to refer to either I_(M1) or I_(M2). At node NODE1 I_(M1)=I₂₁+I_(Q1) while at node NODE₂ I_(M2)=I_(Q2)+I₂₂. Bipolar transistor Q₁ is configured as a diode because a diode has negative temperature coefficient. V_(CTAT) is in fact V_(BE) (voltage from the base to emitter) of transistor Q₁, and, for illustration purpose, is referred to as V_(BEQ1). Bipolar transistor Q₂ is also configured as a diode, and for illustration purposes, the voltage across the base and emitter of transistor Q₂ is referred to as V_(BEQ2). In the embodiment of FIG. 4, CMOS technology is used and transistors Q₁ and Q₂ are implemented as diodes. Embodiments of the disclosure, however, can use diodes, instead of transistors, or any other devices that their operation depends on temperature. Two resistors R₂₁ and R₂₂ provide current paths for two currents I₂₁ and I₂₂ as shown. Because, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, R₂₁=R₂₂, either resistor R₂₁ or R₂₂ may be referred to as R₂. Similarly, because I₂₁=I₂₂ either current I₂₁ or I₂₂ may be referred to as I₂. Resistor R₂₁ is in parallel with transistor Q₁ while resistor R₂₂ is in parallel with the series of resistor R₁ and transistor Q₂. V_(CTAT) is the voltage at NODE₁ and also the voltage across V_(BE) of transistor Q₁ (e.g., V_(BEQ1)) such that it has a negative temperature coefficient. The voltage across resistor R₁ is the voltage difference between V_(BEQ1) and V_(BEQ2). As a result, it has a positive temperature coefficient. DAC resistors R₃ or DAC current I_(M4) provide voltage V_(CMP) wherein V_(CMP)=I_(M4)*R₃ at a particular value for I_(M4) or R₃. In accordance with some embodiments, V_(CMP) is an insignificant temperature dependent voltage. To obtain different values of V_(CMP), different values for DAC current I_(M4) and/or R₃ are obtained by varying the DAC codes corresponding to each current I_(M4) or varying resistor R₃.

DAC transistors M₄ indicate that each current I_(M4) provided by a configuration of DAC transistors M₄ corresponds to a DAC code. Further, DAC transistors M₄ provide a mirrored current I_(M4) that multiplies current I_(M). That is, I_(M4)=N*I_(M) where N is the multiplication factor. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, a DAC circuitry controls DAC transistors M₄. That is, a digital value of the DAC circuitry corresponds to a value of current I_(M4). For illustration purposes, if the DAC circuitry includes M number of input bits, and N numbers of outputs, then N=2^(M). For example, if M=2 then N=2² or 4. If M=3 then N=2³ or 8. If M=4, then N=2⁴ or 16, etc. Some embodiments vary the DAC codes to obtain different values of I_(M4) and, effectively, different V_(CMP). In an embodiment, changing the number of active transistors in DAC transistors M4 changes the DAC codes and thus changes the value of N. Changing the value of N in turn changes the values of current I_(M4). For example, a 2-bit DAC (M=2) results in N=4 (2²) and thus 4 I_(M4) values, a 3-bit DAC (M=3) results in N=8 (2³) and thus 8 I_(M4) values, and a 4-bit DAC (M=4) results in N=16 (2⁴) and thus 16 I_(M4) values, etc. Further, because voltage V_(CMP) depends on current I_(M4) (V_(CMP)=I_(M4)*R₃), if current I_(M4) is provided by a DAC with 4 values, e.g., I_(M4) (0:3), then V_(CMP) corresponds to 4 values V_(CMP) (0:3). If current I_(M4) is provided by a DAC with 8 values, e.g., I_(M4) (0:7), then V_(CMP) corresponds to 8 values V_(CMP) (0:7). If current I_(M4) is provided by a DAC with 16 values, e.g., I_(M4) (0:15), then V_(CMP) corresponds to 16 values V_(CMP) (0:15), etc.

DAC resistors R₃ indicate that the values of resistor R₃ can also be varied by DAC codes. Similar to the situation of DAC transistors M₄, an M-bit input DAC provides N outputs where N=2^(M). Further, if this DAC controls DAC resistors R₃, then N numbers of DAC codes (e.g., N numbers of DAC outputs) correspond to N values of resistor R₃. Additionally, because V_(CMP)=IM4*R₃, each value of resistor R₃ corresponding to a DAC code also corresponds to a value of V_(CMP), similar to the DAC transistors M₄ explained above. Some embodiments vary the DAC codes to vary the value of R₃, and, effectively, V_(CMP). Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many known techniques to provide various values of V_(CMP) using variations of resistors R₃ through DAC codes, and embodiments of the disclosure are not limited to a particular technique.

At node NODE3, because the input impedance of comparator 100 is significantly high, the current on line 120 is insignificant and can be disregarded. As a result: V _(CMP) =I _(M4) *R ₃

Because I_(m4)=N*I_(M), V _(CMP)=(N*I _(M))*R ₃

Because I_(M)=I_(M1)=I_(M2) and I_(M2)=I_(Q2)+I₂, V _(CMP) =N*(I _(Q2) +I ₂)*R ₃

Because I_(Q2)=(V_(BEQ1)−V_(BEQ2))/R₁=(V_(T) ln(M₂₁))/R₁ and I₂=V_(BEQ1)/R₂, V _(CMP) =N*((V _(T) ln(M ₂₁))/R ₁ +V _(BEQ1) /R ₂)*R ₃  (1)

In the above equation (1) V_(T) is a thermal voltage and V_(T)=kT/q where k is the Boltzman constant and q is the unit charge. Further, M₂₁ is the area ratio between diodes (or transistors) Q₂ and Q₁. Based on equation (1), the temperature coefficient of R₁ and R₂ is canceled by the temperature coefficient of R₃ because R₁ and R₂ are in the denominator while R₃ is in the numerator. As a result, the temperature coefficient of V_(CMP) depends on that of the terms (V_(T) ln(M₂₁)) and V_(BEQ1), where ln(M₂₁) is the natural log of M₂₁. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the temperature coefficient of V_(BEQ1) is negative while the temperature coefficient of (V_(T) ln(M₂₁)) is positive, and they substantially cancel one another, resulting in V_(CMP) having a low or insignificant temperature coefficient. As V_(CMP) has a low or insignificant temperature coefficient, lines L_(VCMP) in FIG. 2 are substantially straight and substantially parallel to one another.

Circuit Providing V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP) 2^(nd) Embodiment

FIG. 5 shows a circuit 500 providing V_(CTAT) and V_(CMP), in accordance with a second embodiment. For illustration purposes, FIG. 5 also includes comparator 100. Similar to circuit 400, circuit 500 includes a negative temperature coefficient circuit component canceling the temperature effect with a positive temperature coefficient circuit component. In addition, circuit 500 also includes additional temperature curvature compensation circuits, and, as a result, V_(CMP), going through circuit 500, results in an even more insignificant temperature coefficient.

Circuit 500 is similar to circuit 400 with the addition of resistors R₄, R₅, and transistors M₃ and Q₃ as shown. In the embodiment of FIG. 5 R₄=R₅ and either resistor R₄ or R₅ therefore may be referred to as resistor R₄₅. Transistor Q₃ is also configured as a diode similar to transistors Q₁ and Q₂. Transistor M₃ acts as a current mirror wherein current I_(M3) has the same value as current I_(M) (i.e., I_(M1) or I_(M2)). In an embodiment, the area of transistor Q₃ is the same as that of transistor Q₁.

Similar to circuit 400, because the input impedance to comparator 100 is significantly high, the current on line 120 is negligible. Therefore, at node NODE₃ V _(CMP) =I _(M4) *R ₃

Because I_(M4)=N*I_(M) V _(CMP)=(N*I _(M))*R ₃

Because I_(M)=I_(M1)=I_(M2) and I_(M2)=I_(Q2)+I₂+I_(COMP), V _(CMP) =N(I _(Q2) +I ₂ +I _(COMP))*R ₃

Because I_(Q2)=(V_(T) ln(M₂₁))/R₁, I₂=V_(BEQ1)/R₂ and I_(COMP)=(V_(BEQ1)−V_(BEQ3))/R₄ or (V_(BEQ3)−V_(BEQ1))/R₄₅, V _(CMP) =N[(V _(T) ln(M ₂₁))/R ₁ +V _(BEQ1) /R ₂+(V _(BEQ1) −V _(BEQ3))/R ₄₅ ]*R ₃  (2)

As discussed above, the term (V_(T) ln(M₂₁)) has positive temperature coefficient, V_(BEQ1) has negative temperature coefficient. Further, V_(BEQ3)−V_(BEQ1) also has positive temperature coefficient. The temperature coefficient of the terms (V_(T) ln(M₂₁)), V_(BEQ1) and V_(BEQ3)−V_(BEQ1) cancels one another, resulting in V_(CMP) with very low or insignificant temperature coefficient.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that, V_(CMP) in equation (2) has a temperature coefficient less than that of V_(CMP) in equation (1). As a result, lines L_(VCMP) in FIG. 2 resulted from circuit 500 are straighter and thus more parallel than lines L_(VCMP) in FIG. 2 resulted from circuit 400. Consequently, line 310 resulted from circuit 500 is straighter than line 310 resulted from circuit 400. In brief, circuit 500 provides a more linear relationship between temperatures T and DAC codes C than circuit 400 does.

Voltage Dependent on Temperature as Proportional to Absolute Temperature (V_(PTAT))

FIG. 6 shows a comparator 600 in accordance with an embodiment related to a PTAT-type implementation. Reference voltage V_(PTAT) on line 610 is generated by a circuit (e.g., temperature sensing circuit) that will be described below. Similar to comparator 100, comparator 600 compares voltages V_(CMP) and V_(PTAT), and provides resulting signal C_(POUT) on line 630. V_(CMP) in the embodiment of FIG. 6 is similar to that of in the embodiments related to the CTAT-type implementation explained above. V_(PTAT) is a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) reference voltage and is generated by the temperature sensing circuit at a particular temperature. For example, similar to the CTAT-type embodiments and in an application, the temperature sensing circuit is embedded as part of a sensor in a semiconductor device, e.g., a CPU. At operation, the CPU experiences a particular temperature (e.g., operational temperature) that is also experienced by the temperature sensing circuit, and V_(PTAT) is generated having this temperature as an input. In some embodiments, if V_(CMP) is slightly higher than (e.g., substantially equal to) V_(PTAT) then signal C_(POUT) is true, e.g., having a high logic. If V_(CMP) is lower than V_(PTAT), then signal C_(POUT) is provided to another circuit (e.g., an adjusting circuit (not shown)) that changes the DAC codes which in turn change V_(CMP) until V_(CMP) is slightly higher than/substantially equal to V_(PTAT). In effect, when V_(CMP) is equal to V_(PTAT), the temperature experienced by the CPU and the temperature sensing circuit, e.g., temperature T₀, is also the temperature at which the temperature sensing circuit provides V_(PTAT). Further, this temperature T₀ corresponds to a DAC code, e.g., DAC code C₀. In various embodiments, the temperatures at which the temperature sensing circuit provides V_(PTAT) and the DAC codes are substantially linearly related. As explained above, those skilled in the art will recognize that when the temperatures and the DAC codes are linearly related, the graph representing their relationship on a two dimensional axis is a straight line.

V_(PTAT), V_(CMP) and Corresponding Temperatures

FIG. 7 shows a chart 700 illustrating the relationship between V_(PTAT), V_(CMP), and temperatures T, in accordance with an embodiment. As explained in the embodiments related to the CTAT-type implementation, each line L_(VCMP) shows the relationship between a voltage V_(CMP) and temperature T at a particular DAC code serving as an input for V_(CMP) to be generated. Varying the DAC codes from the least significant bit (LSB) to the most significant bit (MSB) provides lines L_(VCMP). In various embodiments, due to the nature of a very small or insignificant temperature coefficient for V_(CMP), lines L_(VCMP) are very close to parallel (e.g., substantially parallel) to one another in addition to being substantially straight. Based on the parallelism of lines L_(VCMP) and their being straight lines, embodiments provide linearity between the temperatures T and the DAC codes.

Line L_(VPTAT) shows the relationship between V_(PTAT) and temperature T. Those skilled in the art will recognize that line L_(VPTAT) has a positive slope and indicates that V_(PTAT) has a positive temperature coefficient. The intersection between line L_(VPTAT) and a line LV_(CMP) indicates that V_(PTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a particular temperature T that corresponds to a particular DAC code C. For example, point V_(PTATT0) indicates V_(PTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a temperature T₀ that corresponds to a DAC code C₀. Similarly, point V_(PTATT1) indicates V_(PTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a temperature T₁ that corresponds to DAC code C₁, and V_(PTATTN) indicates V_(PTAT) equals to V_(CMP) at a temperature T_(N) that corresponds to a DAC code C_(N), etc. In various embodiments, each point V_(PTATT) corresponds to the result in comparator 600 where V_(CMP) and V_(PTAT) are equal, e.g., when signal C_(POUT) is true, at a particular temperature T experienced by the temperature sensing circuit.

Temperatures and DAC Codes Ptat-Type

FIG. 8 shows a graph 800 with a line 810 indicating the relationship between temperatures T and DAC codes C related to PTAT. For example, T₀ corresponds to code C₀, T₁ corresponds to code C₁, T_(N) corresponds to code C_(N), etc.

Embodiments of the disclosure provide the linearity between temperatures T and DAC codes C as much as possible, which is advantageous over prior art approaches that do not provide such linearity. This linearity results from the fact that lines L_(VCMP) in FIG. 7 are substantially straight and substantially parallel to one another. As explained above, in a 100% linearity situation, lines L_(VCMP) are 100% straight and thus 100% parallel to one another, which results in a line 810 being 100% straight. In other approaches lines L_(VCMP) are curved and/or not parallel to one another, which also causes line 810 to be curved. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the less curved the line 810 is, the more linear the relationship between the temperatures T and the DAC codes is. Embodiments of the disclosure are advantageous, especially in high volume manufacturing environment because graph 800, once established, provides the linear relationship between the DAC codes C and temperatures T on line 810. As a result, corresponding temperatures T and DAC codes C can be easily identified. For example, given a DAC code C on the horizontal axis, a corresponding temperature T on the vertical axis can be identified using line 810. Similarly, given a temperature T on the vertical axis, a corresponding DAC code on the horizontal axis can be identified using line 810.

In an application, line 810 can also be easily and economically established in a simple calibration process near room temperature based on the linear relationship between temperatures T and DAC codes C. For example, a temperature sensor embodying a circuit 400 or 500 (e.g., the temperature sensing circuit) with V_(CTAT) being replaced by V_(PTAT) generated by circuit 900 is subject to a first known temperature, e.g., temperature T₁. Corresponding to temperature T₁, a DAC code, e.g., code C₁, is identified. The temperature sensing circuit is then subject to a second known temperature, e.g., temperature T₂. Corresponding to temperature T₂, a DAC code, e.g., code C₂ is identified. Based on the linear relationship between temperatures T and DAC codes C, temperatures T₁ and T₂, and DAC codes C₁ and C₂, line 810 can be readily established by various techniques known in the art, and embodiments of the disclosure are not limited to a particular technique. In a further application, for example, line 810, once established, is analyzed to program a control circuit that can regulate temperatures T in a semiconductor chip using embodiments. For example, if a DAC code, e.g., code C75, would be identified at a particular operational moment of the chip, then this code C75 corresponds to a temperature, e.g., temperature T75 at 75° C. Because this temperature T75 at 75° C. indicates, for example, that the chip is running at 400 MHz and thus generates too much heat, the control circuit is programmed for the chip to run at a slower rate, e.g., 300 MHz to reduce the generated heat. Similarly, if a DAC code, e.g., code C125, is identified, then this code corresponds to a temperature, e.g., temperature T125 at 125° C. Because this temperature T125 at 125° C. can, for example, damage the chip, the control circuit is programmed to shut down the chip when it recognizes code C125. The above examples are used to illustrate applications of the embodiments, and the disclosure is not limited to any particular example.

Circuit Providing V_(PTAT) and V_(CMP)

In various embodiments, V_(CMP) related to PTAT-type embodiments is generated similarly to that of V_(CMP) related to CTAT-type, including using circuits 400 and 500 above.

FIG. 9 shows a circuit 900 used to generate V_(PTAT), in accordance with an embodiment. For illustration purposes, FIG. 9 also includes comparator 600. Circuit 900 is similar to circuit 400 except that circuit 900 does not include resistors corresponding to resistors R₂₁ and R₂₂. Further, transistors M₆ and M₇ correspond to transistors M₁ and M₂ respectively; amplifier A₂ corresponds to amplifier A₁; resistor R₇ corresponds to resistor R₁; transistors Q₄ and Q₅ correspond to transistor Q₁ and Q₂, respectively. Transistor M₅ corresponds to DAC transistors M₄ and resistor R₆ corresponds to DAC resistors R₃. As a result, transistors M₆, M₇, and amplifier A₂ constitute a current mirror wherein amplifier A₂ equalizes current I_(M6) and I_(M7) and voltages at NODE₆ and NODE₇. For illustration purposes, either I_(M6) or I_(M7) may be referred to as I_(M67). Transistor M₅ provides a current I_(M5) that mirrors current I_(M67). As a result, at NODE₄, because input impedance of comparator 600 is significantly high, the current on line 610 is negligible. As a result,

$\begin{matrix} {{V_{PTAT} = {I_{M\; 5}*R_{6}}}{{{Because}\mspace{14mu} I_{M\; 5}} = {I_{M\; 6} = {I_{M\; 7} = {\left( {V_{T}{\ln\left( M_{54} \right)}} \right)/R_{7}}}}}{{where}\mspace{14mu} M_{54}\mspace{14mu}{is}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{area}\mspace{14mu}{ratio}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{transistors}\mspace{14mu} Q_{5}\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} Q_{4}}{V_{PTAT} = {\left( {\left( {V_{T}{\ln\left( M_{54} \right)}} \right)/R_{7}} \right)*R_{6}}}{{{Because}\mspace{14mu} V_{T}} = {\left( {k*T} \right)/q}}\begin{matrix} {V_{PTAT} = {\left( {\left( {k*T} \right){{\ln\left( M_{54} \right)}/\left( {q*R_{7}} \right)}} \right)*R_{6}\mspace{14mu}{or}}} \\ {= {\left( {\left( {k*R_{6}} \right)\ln{\left( M_{54} \right)/\left( {q*R_{7}} \right)}} \right)*T}} \end{matrix}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

As seen from equation (3), V_(PTAT) depends on T (or temperature) as proportional to absolute temperature. Similar to the CTAT-type embodiments, circuit 900 in conjunction with circuit 400 and DAC codes as explained above provides a linear relationship between DAC codes and temperatures in relation to V_(PTAT). Further, circuit 900 in conjunction with circuit 500 provides a more linear relationship compared to that of circuit 900 in conjunction with circuit 400.

DAC Transistors and DAC Codes

FIG. 10 shows a circuit 1000 illustrating an implementation example of DAC transistors M₄ that provides current I_(M4) (and thus V_(CMP)). Circuit 1000 includes four transistors M₄₀, M₄₁, M₄₂, and M₄₃, which are controlled (e.g., being turned on or off) by signals CT₀, CT₁, CT₂, and CT₃, respectively. For example, to turn each transistor M₄₀, M₄₁, M₄₂, or M₄₃ on, each signal CT₀, CT₁, CT₂, or CT₃ is activated (e.g., pulled to a low or 0), respectively. Conversely, to turn each transistor M₄₀, M₄₁, M₄₂, or M₄₃ off, each signal CT₀, CT₁, CT₂, or CT₃ is deactivated (e.g., pulled to a high or 1). Because, in the embodiment of FIG. 10, I_(M4)=I_(M40)+I_(M41)+I_(M42)+I_(M43), a value of current I_(M4) depends on each current I_(M40), I_(M41), I_(M42), and I₄₃. Further, turning on each transistor M₄₀, M₄₁, M₄₂, or M₄₃, provides each current I_(M40), I_(M41), I_(M42), or I_(M43) to current I_(M44).

FIG. 11 shows a table 1100 illustrating correspondence between values L and the number of transistors M₄ being turned on or off. When L=0, only transistor M₄₀ is on. When L=1, transistors M₄₀ and M₄₁ are on. When L=2, transistors M₄₀, M₄₁, and M₄₂ are on, and when L=3, all transistors M₄₀, M₄₁, M₄₂, and M₄₃ are on.

FIG. 12 shows a table 1200 illustrating the relationship between values L and signals CT. Because, when L=0, only transistor M₄₀ is on, signal CT₀ is low (or 0) while signals CT₁, CT₂, CT₃ are high (or 1). Because when L=1, transistors M₄₀ and M₄₁ are on, while transistors M₄₂ and M₄₃ are off, signals CT₀ and CT₁ are low while signals CT₂ and CT₃ are high. Because when L=2, transistors M₄₀, M₄₁, and M₄₂ are on, and transistor M₄₃ is off, signals CT₀, CT₁, and CT₂ are low while signal CT₃ is high. Similarly, because when L=3, all transistors M₄₀, M₄₁, M₄₂, and M₄₃ are on, all signals CT₀, CT₁, CT₂, and CT₃ are low. Depending on implementations, the values of L or the digital values of signals CT may be considered the digital codes corresponding to DAC currents I_(M4) (or voltage V_(CMP)) as explained above. For example, for each value or DAC code L from 0 to 3, there is a corresponding DAC current I_(M4). For another example, for each code 0000, 0001, 0011, or 0111 of signals CT₀, CT₁, CT₂, and CT₃ of table 1200, there is a corresponding DAC current I_(M4).

FIGS. 10-12 show four transistors I_(M4), four values of L and four signals CT to correspond to four values of DAC current I_(M4) for illustration purposes only. The disclosure is not limited to four DAC codes, but is applicable to various numbers of DAC codes and various other ways to provide the DAC codes.

A number of embodiments have been described. It will nevertheless be understood that various variations and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, even though resistors (resistors R₁, R₂, etc., and others) are shown in the described embodiments, they may be replaced by a resistive component, a resistive network, or equivalences thereof. Circuits 400 and 500 are used to generate V_(CMP) and V_(CTAT) together, but different circuits may be used to generate V_(CMP) or V_(CTAT) separately. Circuits to generate V_(CTAT) an in the and V_(PTAT) embodiments described above are for illustration purposes only, other circuits that provide a voltage complementary to absolute temperature or proportional to absolute temperature as appropriate are within scope of embodiments of the invention. The illustrative embodiments use the term “equal to” or “not equal to,” but as long as two elements are close enough to be considered equal (e.g., substantially equal) by a person skilled in the art, they are within scope of embodiments of the invention, etc.

Each claim in this document constitutes a separate embodiment, and embodiments that combine different claims and/or the above described embodiments are within scope of the invention and will be apparent to those skilled in the art after reviewing this disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: providing a first voltage corresponding to a temperature; providing a second voltage generated in response to an input digital code among a plurality of digital codes; and using the first voltage and the second voltage to identify a digital code corresponding to the temperature, the identified digital code being among the plurality of digital codes; wherein a plurality of the temperatures is substantially linearly related to the plurality of the digital codes.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first voltage depends on the temperature as either complementary to absolute temperature or proportional to absolute temperature.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the second voltage is affected by at least one negative temperature coefficient in combination with at least one positive temperature coefficient.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the at least one negative temperature coefficient results from the first voltage being across a first diode and being affected by a first current in parallel with the first diode; and the at least one positive temperature coefficient results from a third voltage being across a resistor in series with a second diode and being affected by a second current in parallel with the resistor in series with the second diode.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the second voltage is affected by (V_(T) ln(M)) in combination with a voltage V where V_(T) is a thermal voltage, M is an area ratio of a first diode and a second diode, V is a voltage drop across the first diode; and ln(M) is the natural log of M.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the second voltage is further affected by a voltage V₁ where V₁ is affected by a voltage drop across a third diode and the voltage drop across the first diode.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein changing the input digital code changes a digital-to-analog current resulting in changing the second voltage.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein changing the input digital code changes a digital-to-analog resistor resulting in changing the second voltage.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the second voltage is affected by one or a combination of a digital-to-analog transistor and a digital-to-analog resistor.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the digital code corresponding to the temperature is identified when the first voltage is substantially equal to the second voltage.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein when the second voltage and the temperature corresponding to the identified digital code is represented by a line, a plurality of the lines are substantially parallel to each other.
 12. A method comprising: providing a first voltage that depends on temperature; and providing a second voltage generated in response to an input digital code among a plurality of digital codes, the second voltage having insignificant temperature coefficient; wherein at an identified temperature, if the first voltage is not equal to the second voltage then adjusting the input digital code until the first voltage is substantially equal to the second voltage; whereby the identified temperature corresponds to the corresponding input digital code; a plurality of the identified temperatures are substantially linearly related to the plurality of digital codes.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein a value of the second voltage is obtained by changing one or a combination of a digital-to-analog transistor and a digital-to-analog resistor.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein a value of the second voltage is obtained by changing a DAC code.
 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the first voltage depends on the temperature as either complementary to absolute temperature or proportional to absolute temperature.
 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the second voltage is affected by at least one negative temperature coefficient in combination with at least one positive temperature coefficient.
 17. The method of claim 12 wherein changing the input digital code changes one or a combination of a digital-to-analog transistor, a digital-to-analog current, and a digital-to-analog resistor.
 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the first voltage is affected by either a negative temperature coefficient or a positive temperature coefficient.
 19. A circuit comprising: a first circuit configured to generate a first voltage corresponding to a temperature; to generate a second voltage in response to an input digital code among plurality of digital codes; and to use the first voltage and the second voltage to identify a digital code corresponding to the temperature, the identified digital code being among the plurality of digital codes; means for changing the input digital code to change a digital-to-analog current or a digital-to-analog resistance to change the second voltage; wherein a plurality of the temperatures is substantially linearly related to the plurality of digital codes.
 20. The circuit of claim 19 further comprising a digital-to-analog transistor configured to generate the digital-to-analog current. 